Potensi Bioaktif Ekstrak Bunga Kangkung Pagar (Ipomoea carnea Jacq.) Menghambat Alfa-Amilase dan Alfa-Glukosidase: In Vivo–In Silico

Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan masalah kesehatan global dengan komplikasi makrovaskular dan mikrovaskular. Penghambatan enzim ?-amilase dan ?-glukosidase menjadi strategi terapi efektif dalam mengendalikan hiperglikemia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi potensi antidiabetik ekstrak bunga kangkung pagar (Ipomoea carnea Jacq.) melalui pendekatan in vivo dan in silico. Ekstraksi dilakukan menggunakan metode Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) dengan etanol 96%. Skrining fitokimia menunjukkan adanya alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, dan fenol. Studi molecular docking dilakukan terhadap enzim ?-amilase (1B2Y) dan ?-glukosidase (5NN8) menggunakan senyawa aktif n-hexadecanoic acid, caryophyllene, germacrene D, dan docosane. Hasil menunjukkan germacrene D memiliki afinitas pengikatan terkuat terhadap ?-glukosidase (-7,5 kcal/mol), melebihi acarbose (-7,1 kcal/mol). Caryophyllene menunjukkan afinitas tertinggi terhadap ?-amilase (-6,8 kcal/mol). Uji in vivo menggunakan 25 ekor tikus putih jantan yang diinduksi streptozotocin menunjukkan pemberian ekstrak dosis 100 dan 150 mg/kg BB selama 14-21 hari mampu menurunkan kadar glukosa darah secara signifikan (p < 0,01). Dosis 150 mg/kg BB memberikan efek optimal yang sebanding dengan acarbose. Mekanisme hipoglikemik diduga melalui aktivitas antiinflamasi, antioksidan, dan perbaikan sensitivitas insulin. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa ekstrak bunga kangkung pagar berpotensi sebagai agen antidiabetik alami yang efektif dan dapat dikembangkan sebagai alternatif fitoterapi untuk pengelolaan diabetes melitus.

Kata Kunci : Ipomoea carnea Jacq., antidiabetik, ?-amilase, ?-glukosidase, , molecular docking, streptozotocin, hipoglikemia

ABSTRAK

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a global health problem with macrovascular and microvascular complications. Inhibition of ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase enzymes is an effective therapeutic strategy for controlling hyperglycemia. This study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of water spinach flower extract (Ipomoea carnea Jacq.) through in vivo and in silico approaches. Extraction was performed using the Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) method with 96% ethanol. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and phenols. Molecular docking studies were conducted on ?-amylase (1B2Y) and ?-glucosidase (5NN8) enzymes using the active compounds n-hexadecanoic acid, caryophyllene, germacrene D, and docosane. The results showed that germacrene D had the strongest binding affinity to ?-glucosidase (-7.5 kcal/mol), exceeding that of acarbose (-7.1 kcal/mol). Caryophyllene showed the highest affinity to ?-amylase (-6.8 kcal/mol). In vivo testing using 25 male white rats induced with streptozotocin showed that concentration of 100 and 150 mg/kg BW doses of the extract for 14-21 days significantly reduced blood glucose levels (p <0.01). The 150 mg/kg BW dose provided an optimal effect comparable to acarbose. The hypoglycemic mechanism is thought to be through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and insulin sensitivity improvement activities. This study proves that water spinach flower extract has the potential to be an effective natural antidiabetic agent and can be developed as a phytotherapy alternative for diabetes mellitus management.

Keywords : Ipomoea carnea Jacq., antidiabetic, ?-amilase, ?-glukosidase, , molecular docking, streptozotocin, hipoglycemia